The Renaissance and Its Influences

Renaissance which is likewise alluded as the resurrection is the period that began in the fourteenth century and wound up in the seventeenth century. The period was set apart by expanded premiums and advancement in Art, writing, governmental issues, science, religion and music.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Renaissance and Its Cultural, Political and Economic Influence explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The period was described by flood of enthusiasm for old style learning and qualities. Renaissance is typically taken as the scaffold that connected the medieval period and the advanced progress. Despite the fact that Renaissance came about to extraordinary changes in numerous scholarly endeavors, for example, political and social change, it is generally associated with its incredible commitments in workmanship and music. This period is set apart with disclosure of new landmasses, incredible development in business and creation and uses of advancements, for example, paper printing, black powder and utilization of marine compass. The time is viewed as a time of recovery of old style learning after quite a while length of social stagnation and decrease (Brotton, 2006). The resurrection of Renaissance is accepted to have begun in Italy as right on time as in the fourteenth century. The revival of Renaissance in Italy is accepted to have been impacted by various components among them an ideal language. During this period, Latin language was considered as the language of researchers. Due tom its unpredictability, it was anything but a typical language to numerous individuals by at that point and in this way not extremely suitable language for the learning procedure. Numerous individuals required a less difficult dialect to comprehend higher information that was related with the Renaissance. This came about to the development of national vernacular language all over Europe that incredibly encouraged the spread of the belief system of the new researchers. Italy was the principal country to create extraordinary authors in the Renaissance time frame. Britain then again created Standard English that was exceptionally persuasive during the Renaissance in the learning procedure. Germany likewise accepted the open door to make an interpretation of the book of scriptures into Germany language which enormously helped numerous Germans to peruse and comprehend the good book better (Guisepi, n.d). The incredible logical development and improvement during this period helped the Renaissance time frame enormously. The connections of Christians and Arabs as they exchanged helped the Christians learn arithmetic, science and trial science from the Arabs who were increasingly proficient in these concepts.Advertising Looking for paper on history? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The new information they got from Arabs empowered them to turn out to be progressively b asic with issues. Outfitted with the logical information, individuals began to acknowledge and apply just what appeared to be consistent to them. Subsequently, this learning changed the perspectives on numerous individuals who began to scrutinize some conventional convictions which they had gained from the congregation about certain national marvel (Guisepi, n.d). Some logical developments, for example, the innovation of specialty of printing helped extraordinarily in transmitting information during the Renaissance procedure. This is on the grounds that the pieces of literature was dissemination and gotten to all the more effectively by numerous broadly and by enormous number of individuals. This methodology was generally seriously used to teach individuals about the new and present day ideas that were identified with the cutting edge civic establishments. Thus, the innovation of attractive compasses helped in the revelation of new landmasses, for example, the Africa mainland. This thusly enhanced the European exchanging courses which empowered them make more benefits. The development of black powder changed the governmental issues in Europe significantly. Once in the past, the Middle Ages were portrayed with the incomparable government in Europe where aristocrats were the person who were called to offer military help to the ruler during emergencies cases. With the innovation of black powder, the European legislative issues incredibly changed as rulers began to expect the political force that was being practiced by the aristocrats. This thus advanced foundation of concentrated governments in numerous pieces of Europe. The development in exchange and trade likewise incredibly helped in the Renaissance. New exchanging courses and urban communities rose. The dealers were known to travel a ton and in this way were significantly instrumental in the spread of the thoughts of the advanced human advancements as they exchanged the new urban communities built up. The Re naissance affected Europe socially, strategically and financially. The renaissance was actually quite instrumental in the zones of grant, craftsmanship, music and engineering. The renaissance was related with returning to the information on Greece and Rome to rediscover this information and apply it in the cotemporary setting. This encouraged numerous colleges being set up in numerous pieces of Europe where numerous government officials were taught on the old style information under Guicciadini. The effect of Renaissance on craftsmanship was extraordinary. By the utilization of Humanism which concentrated on humankind, the cutting edge ideas that were found out empowered the craftsman to part from workmanship directed specialty of the Middle Ages and grasp the common worldview.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Renaissance and Its Cultural, Political and Economic Influence explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More what's more, engineering grew extr aordinarily which empowered the customary design of the medieval times being supplanted by progressively current human-driven engineering that was profoundly grasped all over Europe. Also, the Renaissance came about to improved development and advancement in exchange and business that came about to rise of banking offices in numerous pieces of Europe. Improve exchange go came about to rise of urban focuses and urban communities, for example, Florence and Venice urban communities that inevitably rose above to become domains. Other European countries, for example, England and Spain followed suite to set up their own urban areas. The foundation of urban areas came about to an extraordinary change in European legislative issues which required the possibility of tact. Numerous individuals in Europe and particularly Italy contemplated strategy during the Renaissance time frame. It was from Italy that the idea of lasting, occupant envoys began during the Renaissance time frame. The idea of tact empowers Italy to keep up significant worldwide relations exceptional (Craig, Graham, Kagan, Ozment, Turner, 2009). The Protestant Reformation was an European Christian change development that came about to the foundation of Protestantism as a constituent piece of the contemporarily Christianity. The development was started as a dissent towards certain catholic ceremonies, precepts and ministerial structures of the Catholic Church. The dissent came about to a Counter Reformation development which was going by Jesuit request. The Counter Reformation came about to recovery of numerous pieces of Europe which incorporate Poland, portions of England back to Catholic confidence. The explanation that propelled the transformation to start in Germany is on the grounds that Germany was the primary country that made an interpretation of the good book into Germany language which improved the Germans to comprehend the holy book when they read it all the more adequately. Well comprehension of the book of scriptures provoked Germans Christians to begin scrutinizing some Catholic ceremonies and tenets which they considered to repudiate the Christianity instructing as communicated by the bible.Advertising Searching for article on history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The logical disclosures that went with the Renaissance edified individuals incredibly. One of extraordinary revelation is the Copernican hypothesis which proposed that the sun and other planet pivoted around a focal sun. This disclosure confronted a great deal of opposition from numerous researchers and furthermore from the scholars who challenged with this revelation as they asserted it repudiated what the good book expressed. This reality was demonstrated later when Galileo developed telescope that was utilized to unmistakably see far off articles. The human advancements that was related with Renaissance was illuminated individuals couldn't any more drawn out underestimate anything, however put forth a valiant effort to search for pertinent realities to help thoughts (Cronin,1992) . Reference List Brotton, J. (2006) The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Prentice Hall. Craig, A. M., Graham, W. A., Kagan, D., Ozment, S., Turner, F. M. (2009). The legacy of world devel opments (eighth ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Cronin, V. (1992). The Renaissance. London: Oxford University Press. Guisepi, R.A. (n.d). The Renaissance Beginning and Progress of the Renaissance. Web. This paper on The Renaissance and Its Cultural, Political and Economic Influence was composed and put together by client Caden Holloway to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for exploration and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Autism and Special Education Policy in Mexico Essay Example For Students

Chemical imbalance and Special Education Policy in Mexico Essay Since the early asses, governments in Latin America have Implemented a wide range tot social and wellbeing arrangement changes. In the consequence of the 1982 obligation emergency, approach creators in the district went under solid eradications from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to decrease social spending and to upgrade social and wellbeing projects to be perfect with natural financial changes. L notwithstanding pressures exuding from global monetary associations, transitional approach systems and politically Insulated change groups were additionally key to advancing social division changes. Whether or not the Orleans tot strategy change were situated at the foundational or residential levels, by the mid-asses it was plain to most spectators that social approaches had been profoundly adjusted all through Latin America. Social division changes in Latin America have affected instruction strategies In the locale. A rich strategy writing has recorded impacts of diff erent changes to normal instruction. Going from decentralization plans, execution based pay for educators, and vouchers. 3 Yet, in spite of the fact that the impacts of changes to ordinary instruction have been all around contemplated. Experts have given relatively little consideration regarding ongoing changes in a specialized curriculum arrangement in Latin America. 4 The absence of consideration given to a custom curriculum by experts of similar wellbeing and social approach is conceivably critical. Human rights gatherings and strategy creators the same have come to perceive that individuals with incapacities in Latin America are dependent upon social prohibition and oftentimes wind up Living In neediness. 5 In this unique circumstance, the topic of chests of drawers rights has gotten progressively striking in chosen nations in Latin America. There is likewise a solid assumption among territorial wellbeing associations that open arrangements tort individuals with handicaps are not satisfactory. Without a doubt, In numerous cases, specialized curriculum is the main significant assistance gave by the state, and especially for individuals with mental ATMAN, ROTH-JOHNSON, BAKER AND VEHICLE, AUTISM AND SPECIAL EDUCATION POLICY IN MEXICO 2 Fog Ana neurological Territories. Velvet Trot tans point, ten Taller to sufficiently contemplate changes in a specialized curriculum makes an enormous hole in our comprehension of how Latin Americas new majority rules systems are tending to the necessities of differentiable individuals. In this paper, we endeavor to overcome this issue in the writing by concentrating on the arrangement of state funded training strategies in Mexico. Among the Latin American nations executing changes in a custom curriculum strategy, Mexico involvement in change has been especially striking. After 1993, the legislature grasped an approach of comprehensiveness and mainstreaming, to the greatest degree conceivable, for all kids with incapacities. Until this point, be that as it may, just few investigations have inspected the impacts of Mexico changes. There has been for all intents and purposes no examination on the experience of explicit gatherings of handicapped understudies in Mexico secured by a specialized curriculum, incorporating understudies with chemical imbalance. 8 An attention on kids with mental imbalance can add to the near examination of a custom curriculum approaches explicitly and social division change in Latin America all the more for the most part. Given the elevated level of financial joining between the U. S. What's more, Mexico, it is conceivable that the ongoing flood in media inclusion of development in chemical imbalance in the U. S. Has overflowed into the Mexican media showcase. On the off chance that familiarity with mental imbalance in Mexico is expanding, at that point it is conceivable that guardians and supporters are investigating the arrangement of a custom curriculum strategies, with orderly ramifications for political sorting out in the inability rights network. 9 An attention on arrangement for kids with chemical imbalance can likewise add to a more extensive investigation of demagnification in Latin America. Despite the fact that there is some discussion in the writing, penny grant has stated that full majority rule governments must give at least insurances and open doors for bunches that are defenseless against social prohibition. 0 Because individuals with mental imbalance experience shifting degrees of conduct that is socially characterized as generalized, disabled, or socially tested, they are in danger of encountering neediness, social rejection, and abuse through regulating. 11 The powerlessness or reluctance of policymakers to give sufficie nt chances to individuals with mental imbalance and others with incapacities is reminiscent of the hindrances political games face as they endeavor to progress from semi-vote based systems to full-majority rule governments. The examination utilizes a contextual analysis approach that uses various sorts of information. My Dog Cleopatra EssayThe issues looked by families who care for kids with chemical imbalance in Mexico will in general be, to a huge degree, like issues referenced in concentrates from the U. S. What's more, other industrialized nations. 25 Due to the ingenuity of people convictions and deception about the wellsprings of handicap, families with kids with mental imbalance report segregation or good ways from different individuals from their more distant family, changed practices among kin, and emotions running from discouragement to burnout. 7 Economic assets are habitually refered to reason for familial worry, as guardians endeavor to tie down the vital assets to discover fitting help administrations or treatment for their kid. 9 Mothers of youngsters with mental imbalance in Mexico report being generally influenced by the childs incapacity, since they are believed to be the essential guardians and are required to give additional consideration and backing; at times, ladies are const rained to stop their Jobs so as to give extra mind (fueling monetary worry in the nuclear family). Fathers may invest less energy at home after the finding or surrender the family, leaving the mother to accept the greater part of the obligations related with the kid with mental imbalance and their kin. 30 The desire that ladies ought to accept the essential consideration giving job for a slope with handicap would have all the earmarks of being related with a the way where sex jobs are built in the Mexican family unit; it likewise reflects gendered perspectives toward inability which accentuate that psychological incapacities among kids are the issue of the something the mother has done.

Actividades Independientes

Actividades Independientes El año pasado, yo tomé algunos clases durante de IAP como una introducción a Python y una práctica de teatro por trabajar en la producción Margo Veil. Pero en Diciembre, decidí que este IAP yo debo usar el tiempo para recuperarme del semestre pasado y disfrutarme con mis amigos en la comunidad de MIT. Por eso, aunque mis amigos y yo estamos involucradas en muchas actividades (por ejemplo, 6,270 [una competición de robots construido de LEGOs], practicando la esgrima, representando en una obra de teatro, haciendo un UROP o un trabajo corto, trabajando en Battlecode, o tomando clases), nosotros tenemos tiempo para divertirnos. Usualmente, algunas personas están jugando videojuegos competitivos en nuestra sala. La semana pasada, los favoritos fueron Mario Kart Wii y Súper Smash Brothers Brawl (no sé las traducciones). Además, porque hay alrededor de once o doce personas en la sala cada noche, nosotros pudimos jugar Mafia. Para los lectores quienes no conocen el juego, es una batalla entre “ciudadanos” y “mafiosos.” Hay un dios que está narrando el juego y durante la fase nocturna del juego, la Mafia elige un inocente para matarlo. Durante la fase diurna, todos los jugadores debaten la identidad de los mafiosos y votan para matar al mayor sospechoso. Si los ciudadanos matarían a todos los mafiosos, los ciudadanos ganarían y viceversa. Aparte de muchos juegos y películas, no hicimos alguna cosa interesantísima. Pero yo puedo compartir unos cuentos cortos y chistosos: Anteayer, alguien regresó de la cena con un CD que un estudiante de Harvard le dio en el metro. El artista se llama sombra cisne negra (Shadow Black Swan) y el álbum de música se llama Un Brindis Amargo a mi Mas Interno (A Bitter Toast to my Inner Most). Pues… es muy extraño. El otro día, alguien envió un correo electrónico a un creador de Soylent, una comida liquida que contiene todos los nutrientes que una necesitaría en un día. Mi amigo escribió que nosotros somos un grupo de estudiantes del MIT y quisimos probar su producto. Por el Soylent, nosotros le vamos a crear unos blogs de video a cambio para hacer la critica de su producto. Por el momento, no recibimos una respuesta pero ojalá que el respondiera. A veces, nosotros vemos la tele. Un cosa nosotros hemos vieron es La Belleza y El Geek. Es un programa que presenta a muchas parejas de una belleza y un geek. Cada pareja tiene que trabajar juntos para completar o ganar competiciones. Si una pareja ganaría, ellos obtendrían 100,000 dólares australianos. Aunque muchas de las personalidades son falsas, es muy divertido burlar de los actores. Por último, mi amigo que trabaja por Twitter en San Francisco y unos amigos aquí estamos filmando unos blogs de video para compartir nuestros vidas y ser creativos. Cada persona hizo mas o menos tres videos hasta hoy, pero filmaremos mas en el futuro.

The Importance of Effective Communication in a Teams...

Correlation is a statistical method that actuates the amount of affinity between two contrasting variables. The term can also be defined as a bivariate statistic, with bi- implying two and variate illustrating variable or variance. The two variables tend to consist of a pair of scores for an object or person. The association between any two variables can be anywhere between strong, weak or none. There are four varying methods of establishing correlation among variables. These methods are: Pearson (r), Spearman rho (rs), Point-biserialr (rpb), and Phi coefficient (?). The method known as Pearson (r ) measures the strength of a relationship between two continuous variables. An advantage to this is the ability for this method to determine how much variables change. A disadvantage to this method is the lack of intuitiveness in comparison to the Euclidean distance measure. An example for this method would be a tobacco company statistician who wants to determine whether heavy smoking is re lated to longevity. Spearman rho (rs) is a method that measures the similarity between two ordinal rankings of a single set of data. An advantage for using this method would be that it offers a fast and simple to use method of modeling correlation between probability distributions. A disadvantage would be the degree of difficulty in choosing the right correlation coefficient. An example of this method would be the correlation between the IQ of a person with the number of hours spentShow MoreRelatedGroups and High-Performance Teams1617 Words   |  7 Pageshigh-performing team. Effective leaders are able to assemble a high-performance team with good hierarchical balance, measurable and attainable goals, and appropriate communication expectations across the team. They promptly address conflict resolutions and break down all physical barriers in managing multi-city offices and dispersed employees. By paying close attention to team demographics and diversity, good leaders will establi sh a solid group foundation which will result in a high-performance team. Read MoreEverest Simulation756 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership and Teamwork A Reflective Report on the Everest Simulation The Everest simulation used the dramatic context of a Mount Everest expedition as related to management concepts exploring the role of leadership, effective communication, and team work to achieve success. The simulation required students to work in cohesive teams consisting of five members, where each individual was assigned a specific role and a goal. The roles included the team leader, physician, environmentalist, photographerRead MoreKey Parts Of Organizational Communication1277 Words   |  6 PagesDefinitions of Key Parts Organizational Communication is best described by as an action that is continually evolving. In a given workplace there must be the sending and receiving of information. This concept is the central component to achieve both individual and common goals. Essentially, there would be no organization without communication. Knowledge Management is an organization’s methodology of making their intellectual assets as fully functional, or effective as possible. This is a systematic approachRead MoreThe And Characteristics Of An Organization1445 Words   |  6 Pagesorganized into seven sections. First, by defining what an organization is. Second, with a graph displaying a vision on organizational communication. Third, by defining the key parts that make up an organization. Fourth, by integrating the parts together through best practices. Fifth, by examining the nature and characteristics of an intelligent organization’s communication. Sixth, by identifying key strategies to meet the challenges in a technological workplace. In the final seventh section, by recommendationsRead MoreThe Southern Express Company Exercise1658 Words   |  7 Pageson the other hand, it has reflected the challenges in collective bargaining to attain the same goal. It is difficult to weigh one negotiation principle ’s importance over the other. However, the most helpful strategies were BATNA, locked-in strategy, analysis chart, inventing options, separating people from the problem, creative communication, active listening, objective criteria, and fair standard. It was understood it is essential â€Å"to make offers, and concessions to trust the other side, to beRead MoreThe Importance of Team Members in Health Care Organization Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pagesteams are united by a shared purpose , regardless of the team’s type, composition, degree of performance, or reason for being. In health care organizations, teams are utilized by leaders to address problems and perform tasks. McConnell (2006) states that teams can benefit the organization because they provide greater expertise, enhance morale, improve personnel retention, increase flexibility, and create synergy in the workplace.. An effective team typically develops through several stages. TuckmanRead MoreImportance of Teamwork in the Kitchen Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of Teamwork In the Kitchen Teamwork in the kitchen is a basic requirement as it is the main key of successful performance for anyone who is, going to or will join this most important department of hospitality. The purpose of this essay is to explain the concept of teamwork and how it applies to kitchen environment. Also, examples of personal experience of teamwork in class are provided to illustrate its effectiveness as a way to achieve common goals. Dwyer (2013, p. 224)Read MoreImportance Of Recommendations Based On Meeting842 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant factor was covered and that is the complexity of our managers and their understanding of achieving and non-achieving departments. Based on the for success not only for their team but also for our company. Establishing High Performance Teams To get optimum performance of your teams, you’ll have to keep monitoring and examining how you’re leading those teams. It’s a delicate balance, and requires more work than most managers are willing to put in. However, done well, you’ll have your teams thankingRead MoreAnalysis Of Noclue Consultants1548 Words   |  7 Pagesmotivated, self-directed work teams be successful. Identifying the problems, developing solutions and making recommendations are crucial the organization to perform at the highest level. NOCLUE held a meeting to discuss the issues that was plaguing the team’s dynamics. During the meeting there were three significant issues that was identified that was all teams all teams were experiencing that resulted in self-directed teams not performing at their highest potential. Conflict was not effectively beingRead MoreThe Leaders Must Communicate With The Team942 Words   |  4 Pagesof sharing the purpose and goals would increase team’s awareness and knowledge. Also, leader should create a meeting agenda to prepare the team because the agenda of the meeting will guide them to focus on the subject and will enable them to execute a productive meeting (p. 67). For instance, the agenda should be structured based on the objectives and goals of the meeting and the topic of discussions must be organized in the sequence of importance to ensure a significant issue and concern are covered

Christmas Shopping Is The Most Difficult Time Of The Year...

Polos and Sperrys Christmas shopping is the most difficult time of the year for a lot of people. The gift-giver anxiously waits for the recipient’s delight while really the recipient could be masking an impending disappointment when opening the gift. The Christmas shopping season has turned into the annual â€Å"Hunger Games.† Parents arm themselves with lists filled with the â€Å"essential† technology gadgets and devices for the day; however, those without the time or the means to do so face disappointment. In this generation, children are no longer content with receiving simple gifts from the heart. They have been indoctrinated, at vulnerable ages, to adopt the trends of their day. When we shop, we buy stuff to fulfill our own desires based on what we like and what we are accustomed to buying. When it comes to buying items for other people, we try incredibly hard to identify with what they like, but more than usually, we miss. Does that mean that the products we buy play a fact or into who we are and how we define ourselves? According to Ashley Bickerton’s piece, Tormented Self-Portrait (Susie at Arles) (1987-88) , he personally answers this question under his own opinion: without a doubt. Bickerton provides us with evidence of how social conformity can easily boost our status in society but we do it at the loss of our own identities. Ashley Bickerton models his ‘tormented self-portrait’ after the acclaimed artist, Vincent van Gogh. Through the simplified use of basic logos,Show MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Black Christmas787 Words   |  4 PagesNow, that Halloween is over! It’s time to start preparing for Christmas shopping. One of my favorite times to shop is on Black Friday! Thanksgiving weekend is one of the busiest times of the year for shoppers and can be exhausting. For the past several years I’ve been a frequent Black Friday shopper. If you’re anything like me, you know how hectic it can be trying to ge t the best deal. Standing in line for one sale item is difficult in itself. Here are a few tips I’ve learned along the way to makeRead MoreA Brief Note On U.p. S And Retailers916 Words   |  4 Pagesdestination in time. There were lots of reasons for the ups Christmas debacle some of them being like U.P.S could not forecast the online rush.It actual forecast was 8% average rise in its daily shipping volumes during the holidays. But online sales during Christmas holidays jumped by 37% from its previous year, according to the data from IBM Digital Analytics, especially on December 23 online orders grew by 63% more than its previous year. Change of customers behavior was an important factor people waitedRead MoreChristmas Essay : Christmas : The Meaning Of Christmas974 Words   |  4 PagesChristmas is the most wonderful time of the year. How many times have we heard this phrase and yet a lot of people don’t know the actual meaning to it. For me the meaning of Christmas is the value of family time and the all the delicious food that this lovely season makes us cook. In this lovely season, we cook the famous tamales. This is by far my favorite dish, but it is also the most difficult dish to make. There are three portions to make tamales get all the ingredients needed to cook, organizeRead MoreWal Mart s The Lasting War Among Discount Superstores Essay1429 Words   |  6 Pagesthrifty customers can follow a few of their go-to stores for deals back to that year: 1962, when Walmart, Target, and Kmart all opened their entryways. Following 50 years of moving back costs, bull s-eyes, and Blue Light Specials, Cheapis m set out to figure out which discount retailer has transcended the others as far as value, quality, and administration. As anyone might expect, Walmart posted the least cost on a shopping basket of 30 indistinguishable and like things - almost 5 percent less expensiveRead MoreA True Hero : Martin Luther King Jr.1001 Words   |  5 Pagesone of the most important sparks in an individual’s life. These heroes come from an array of places whether it be books, movies, or reality. Similarly, the definition of a true hero can vary from person to person. Some individuals define a hero as fictional character who is invincible, dresses in a cape, or can fly. Others even define a hero as a member of the military. Many people around the world have heroes however, the definition of a hero to me is not a man in a cape but real people right hereRead MoreA Study On Annan Academy s Geography Class1741 Words   |  7 Pages automatically making it the administrative centre of the county. Ot her than administration, Carlisle has several other areas in which its activities are focused, such as tourism, shopping, and education. These areas are known as settlement functions. Functions tend to change and develop as a city grows over the years. Carlisle is a successful city, but whether or not this is due to its changing functions is debatable. Annan Academy’s Geography class went to Carlisle in September 2015 to obtainRead MoreWalmart : Target And Kmart Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pagesthrifty customers can follow a few of their go-to stores for deals back to that year: 1962, when Walmart, Target, and Kmart all opened their entryways. Following 50 years of moved back costs, bull s-eyes, and Blue Light Specials, Cheapism set out to figure out which discount retailer has transcended the others as far as value, quality, and administration. As anyone might expect, Walmart posted the least costs on a shopping basket of 30 indistinguishable and like things - almost 5 percent less expensiveRead MoreFive Characteristics of Us Market1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States is the most open market in the world, with the annual trade volume more than 1,100,000,000,000 U.S. dollars. The United States is Chinas major trading partner. Now the total volume of products that are made in China importing into the United States is m ore than 100,000,000,000 U.S. dollars. These products are consumer goods, mostly through a number of intermediate links into the United States. Many Chinese factory productions and the market are out of touch. They lack understandingRead MoreUnion Square As A Tourist Attraction1705 Words   |  7 Pagesand love called Union Square has a history that would be unknown to the naked eye. The park has undergone redevelopment multiple times in hopes of bettering the neighborhood. Within the little area, there is shopping, varieties of food, all kinds of entertainment, and of course, places to rest. Even though there is not the same overwhelming amount of stimulation as Times Square, Union Square has still become a big tourist attraction Rather, all along the outskirts of it are different neighborhoodsRead MoreEssay Five Characteristics Of United States Market1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States is the most open market in the world, with the annual trade volume more than 1,100,000 ,000,000 U.S. dollars. The United States is Chinas major trading partner. Now the total volume of products that are made in China importing into the United States is more than 100,000,000,000 U.S. dollars. These products are consumer goods, mostly through a number of intermediate links into the United States. Many Chinese factory productions and the market are out of touch. They lack understanding

The Minutemen and Their World Free Essays

Robert A. Gross in his book, â€Å"The Minutemen and Their World†, takes a nearer look at the American Revolution by investigating the lives of the people that exist in Concord, Massachusetts. By exploring and understanding court records, diaries, colony records, families’ trees, and private papers the writer begins to illustrate a civilization prior, during, and subsequent to the American Revolution. We will write a custom essay sample on The Minutemen and Their World or any similar topic only for you Order Now He in addition succeeds in producing an excellent written chronological text that is simple to read, understand, and enjoy. It can be thought that Gross achieves this by providing the reader an enhanced sense of the living of a person in the period of the American Revolution. As well, the writer provides the true information that not only were the people of Concord experiencing a Revolution to battle for their autonomy, but they were furthermore undergoing economic, social, agricultural, and religious revolutions. Prior to the Revolution, Concordians were living in their own world, symbolically and accurately speaking. The social order of Concord was well developed and controlled issues domestically. These problems hampered with the daily social and economic environment. For instance, relationships between parents and their children were deteriorating. Also, the soil was being used up for the reason of excessive farming which led to the problem of too man sons and not enough land to be divided up between them. The generation gap between social classes was also broadening and political offices were held by a privileged few which were passed down almost as an inheritance through families. These domestic problems were temporarily put on hold with the appearance of the characteristic of a Revolution. The harmony necessary to conquer the reliance by the British Crown was much more significant to the people of Concord than their somewhat small problems and bickering. The most important feature behind the people’s determination to stay free was that they desired to preserve and defend their traditional life, on the other hand by combating to protect that life, Gross would point out that the Concordians in consequence opened themselves to change. The mainly convincing argument Gross makes reveals the loss of patriarchal control in Concord, and apparently across the colonies. He portrays the manners sons rely on fathers for land, and daughters depend on fathers for dowries. As the financial environment changes, dowries are condensed, local fruitful land turn out to be limited and mature children have enticements to leave the relatives to trail the frontier. This outlays the father his basis of labor and outlays the children the resource of heritage and constancy. The changes the Revolution had on the people of Concord were the building blocks of the democratic society as one recognizes it today. By joining together to depose the crown the people of Concord defeat the â€Å"barriers of residence and wealth†(61). Men in all positions of the society desired to defend their freedom, consequently after the Revolution the severe rules relating to the elitist model of government in Concord seldom existed. Gross points out that after the Revolution the â€Å"newly elected delegate† was sent a â€Å"strict set of rigid rules† for him to follow â€Å"in court†(163). With new prominence placed on the people and their rights, politics was hardly ever about religious status any longer but more about equal representation. Also, after the revolution, Gross indicate that by 1790 there are no slaves in Massachusetts. With the Concordians fighting for their autonomy in the Revolution, it would be archetypal for the Concordians to see enslavement of any persons as hypocritical; when that is the very thing they were fighting against. Agriculture also was alleviating by restructuring and intensive farming. This resulted in a better-off social life and landscape. In general, the competition between generations was declined and sons continued with their families instead of moving away. All things considered, a better-off economic and social approach developed the people of Concord after the Revolution, though not right away. Robert Gross carried out a marvelous quantity of research to uncover information about persons whose names and achievements have long since been elapsed by the world, but he enlightens their tale so systematically that he permits the reader to overlook what a demanding assignment he took upon himself. With the closer look at Concord, Gross means to symbolize Concord as a representation of an ordinary colonial settlement during the Revolution. The characters in the book provide the reader logic of why the people in this town opted to rebellion. By representing the people of Concord and their causes to battle, Gross efficiently signifies all of the colonies that battled in the Revolution; as Gross describes the Concord fight as a happening in a wider war. The Minutemen and Their World was ground-breaking in personalizing a Revolution. The author prolonged past proceedings and statistics into a persuasive account of people both normal and great. The points of view are concrete due to the heavy quantitative research. Works Cited Gross A. Robert, (April 30, 2001), The Minutemen and Their World, Hill and Wang; 25th Ann edition, IS How to cite The Minutemen and Their World, Essay examples

Watership Down By Richard Adams Essays - Watership Down,

Watership Down By Richard Adams The novel Watership Down by Richard Adams, like Edmund Spencer's The Faerie Queene, is an allegory. Watership Down also embodies many romantic ideas. Fiver, a rabbit who sees visions from Frith, represents the turn toward imagination that occurred in the Romantic period. The rabbits in the novel also value freedom and rebellion against tyranny, two important Romantic ideas. Many of the rabbits that left the Sandleford warren were unhappy with authority there, and the Watership Down warren helped the rebellion against Efrafa. Hyzenthlay, a doe in Efrafa, questions authority and longs for freedom from tyranny. She embodies the individualism valued in the Romantic period and, like Fiver, sees visions from Frith. The rabbits in the novel search for better ways to live- another important Romantic idea. Fiver leads the search. ?I know what we ought to be looking for ? a high, lonely place with dry soil, where rabbits can see and hear all round and men hardly ever come. Wouldn't that be worth a journey (Adams 48) Watership Down is an allegory, ?a story in which the characters, settings and events stand for abstract or moral concepts? (Sime 1189). The different warrens in Watership Down represent different types of government. Efrafa, a warren run by General Woundwort, is a totalitarian government where the military class rules and the others are oppressed, much like the Khrushchev era in the USSR. In The Faerie Queene, each main character represents a heroic quality. In the epic poem of knights, dragons and ladies, each part represented a heroic quality that embodied a noble person. During the Romantic period, people ?turned away from the? emphasis on reason and artifice. The Romantics embraced imagination and naturalness.? (Sims 630). Fiver, a rabbit from the Sandleford warren, is an example of this Romantic philosophy in the novel. Fiver has an uncanny sense for danger- a psychic sense that the other rabbits do not possess. He speaks of one of his visions, ?I know there's something unnatural and evil twisted all round this place. I don't know what it is, so no wonder I can't talk about it. I keep getting near it, though.?(Adams 102). Fiver's sense of danger proves accurate. He predicted the destruction of the Sandleford warren, imagining ?The field! It's covered with blood!? (Adams 21). This prophecy was later fulfilled when Holly and Bluebell came to Watership Down and told how the men destroyed the warren. Fiver embraces these visions, even in the face of other rabbits that tell him he is not thinking logically. Fiver values his individualism and visions. The rabbits of Watership Down, like Romantics, ?believed in individual liberty and sympathized with those who rebelled against tyranny.? (Sims 630). The rebellion that the rabbits supported came from the tyranny in Efrafa. Holly learned of Efrafa on his arrival, ?You cannot call your life your own? (Adams 245). The rabbits in Efrafa are marked, and depending on the mark, have certain feeding times and are only allowed above ground at those times. Blackavar, an Efrafa rabbit, ?had been caught trying to run away from the warren.? (Adams 248). Blackavar's ears were ?ripped to shreds? as punishment. (Adams 248). Holly and the other Watership Down rabbits ?were sniffling at him; absolutely horror-stricken.? (Adams 248). Strawberry supports rebellion from Efrafa. ?There are rabbits there who'd be the same as we are if they could only live naturally, like us. Several of them would be glad to leave the place if they could.? (Adams 265). Hyzenthlay, a doe in Efrafa, longs for individual liberty and freedom from tyranny. Upon meeting her, Bigwig hears her poem, which, like romantic poetry, ?spoke of personal experiences and emotions? (Sims 630). Bigwig also sees her emotions in her poetic gaze. ?She turned to him a look of such wretchedness, so full of accusation and suffering, that it was all he could do not to beg her then and there to believe that he was her secret friend and that he hated Efrafa and the authority which he represented? this doe's gaze spoke of wrongs beyond her power to express.? (Adams 331). Hyzenthlay had told Holly of her attempt to leave the warren. This doe rebelled against the tyranny of General Woundwort. Romantics were often looking for ?better- that is, happier, fairer, and healthier- ways to live.? (Sims 631). The rabbits were also looking for a better way to live. A few of the rabbits who left the Sandleford warren did so, not because of Fiver's warning, but because they were not happy with life at Sandleford.

IB Biology syllabus definitions Essays - Classical Genetics

IB Biology syllabus definitions Essays - Classical Genetics IB Biology syllabus definitions * Definition given in IB Biology syllabus TOPICWORDDEFINITION Topic 1: CellsOrganelleA discrete structure within a cell, with a specific function.* TissueA group of cells similar to each other, along with their associated intercellular substances, which perform the same function within a multicellular organism. OrganA group of tissues which work together as a single unit to perform a particular function within a multicellular organism. Organ systemA group of organs, vessels, glands, other tissues, and/or pathways which work together to perform a body function within a multicellular organism. Diffusion The passive movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. OsmosisThe passive movement of water molecules, across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.* Topic 2: The Chemistry of LifeOrganicCompounds containing carbon that are found in living organisms (except hydrogencarbonates, carbonates and oxides of carbon).* EnzymeProteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding the rate at which biochemical reactions proceed but not altering the direction or nature of the reactions. Active siteA specific region of an enzyme where a substrate binds and catalysis takes place. DenaturationA structural change in a protein that results in a loss (usually permanent) of its biological properties. Refer only to heat and pH as agents.* DegenerateHaving more than one base triplet to code for one amino acid.* UniversalFound in all living organisms.* Cell respirationControlled release of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells.* TOPICWORDDEFINITION Topic 3: GeneticsGeneA heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic. (The differences between structural genes, regulator genes and genes coding for tRNA and rRNA are not expected at SL).* AlleleOne specific form of a gene, differing from other alleles by one or a few bases only and occupying the same gene locus as other alleles of the gene.* GenomeThe whole of the genetic information of an organism.* Gene mutationA change in the base sequence of a gene on DNA. This could be by substitution, deletion, or insertion of a base or bases. The terms point mutation or frameshift mutation will not be used. Homologous chromosomesA pair of chromosomes containing the same linear gene sequences, each derived from one parent. GenotypeThe alleles possessed by an organism.* PhenotypeThe characteristics of an organism.* Dominant alleleAn allele that has the same effect on the phenotype whether it is present in the homozygous or heterozygous state.* Dominant alleles mask the effects of recessive alleles. Recessive alleleAn allele that only has an effect on the phenotype when present in the homozygous state.* Codominant allelesPairs of alleles that both affect the phenotype when present in a heterozygote. (The terms incomplete and partial will no longer be used.)* LocusThe particular position on homologous chromosomes of a gene.* HomozygousHaving two identical alleles of a gene.* HeterozygousHaving two different alleles of a gene.* CarrierAn individual that has a recessive allele of a gene that does not have an effect on their phenotype.* Test crossTesting a suspected heterozygote by crossing it with a known homozygous recessive. (The term backcross is no longer used.)* Sex linkageGenes found on sex chromosomes (X and Y chromosomes) are said to be sex linked. Genetic screeningTesting an individual for the presence or absence of a gene.* CloneA group of genetically identical organisms or a group of cells artificially derived from a single parent cell.* TOPICWORDDEFINITION Topic 4: Ecology and EvolutionEcologyThe study of relationships between living organisms and between organisms and their environment.* EcosystemA community and its abiotic environment.* PopulationA group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time.* CommunityA group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area.* SpeciesA group of organisms which can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.* HabitatThe environment in which a species normally lives or the location of a living organism.* Autotroph (producer)An organism that fixes chemical energy in the form of organic molecules; it "makes its own food" and does not require previously formed organic materials from the environment; e.g. photoautotroph, chemoautotroph. Heterotroph (consumer)An organism that requires chemical energy from already formed organic molecules. DetritivoreAnimal that consumes decomposing organic particles, deriving nutrition primarily from microbes on the particles. Saprotroph (decomposer)Organism that feeds by secreting digestive enzymes onto its food source and absorbing the products of digestion. Fungi and bacteria are examples. Trophic levelStage in a food chain or web leading from primary producers (lowest trophic level) through primary consumers (herbivores) to secondary and tertiary

What Is the Platt Amendment Definition and Significance

What Is the Platt Amendment Definition and Significance SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In 1898, the US was fighting the Spanish-American War and occupying Cuba as part of its involvement in maintaining the island’s newfound independence. Once the war was over, the US still wanted to maintain influence in Cuba. In order to achieve this, the Platt Amendment was passed. Read this guide to learn what the Platt Amendment includes, why it was created, what important dates are associated with it, and how its impacts live on today, including how it led to the creation of Guantanamo Bay. What Is the Platt Amendment? In simplest terms, the Platt Amendment was a treaty between the United States and Cuba that established guidelines for US-Cuban relations. The US wanted to maintain influence in Cuba to protect its interests there, but Cubans were wary of being under the control of another foreign power after recently gaining independence from Spain. The Platt Amendment was an attempt to appease both countries. The Platt Amendment set conditions under which the US would end its military occupation of Cuba but also granted the US the right to involve itself in Cuban affairs in order to protect Cuban independence. The Platt Amendment was drafted by Elihu Root, who was Secretary of State at the time, and in 1901 it was presented to the Senate by Senator Orville Platt of Connecticut as a rider attached to the Army Appropriations Bill. (Riders are sometimes also referred to as amendments, which is why it is called the Platt Amendment.) The Platt Amendment placed some pretty stringent restrictions on Cuba. It gave the United States pretty much unlimited ability to intervene in any Cuban affair for the purpose of preserving Cuban independence, prevented Cuba from transferring any of its land to any country other than the United States, limited Cuba’s right to negotiate treaties, gave the US rights to a naval base in Cuba (what is now Guantanamo Bay). It was reluctantly accepted by Cuba, who amended their Constitution to include it. There were seven articles in the Platt Amendment, and the Cuban government had to agree to all of them before the US withdrew its troops from the island and recognized Cuban sovereignty. Here are the articles of the Platt Amendment: Article I. The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any foreign power or powers which will impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any manner authorize or permit any foreign power or powers to obtain by colonization or for military or naval purposes, or otherwise, lodgment in or control over any portion of said island. Article II. The Government of Cuba shall not assume or contract any public debt to pay the interest upon which, and to make reasonable sinking-fund provision for the ultimate discharge of which, the ordinary revenues of the Island of Cuba, after defraying the current expenses of the Government, shall be inadequate. Article III. The Government of Cuba consents that the United States may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, and for discharging the obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the Treaty of Paris on the United States, now to be assumed and undertaken by the Government of Cuba. . . . Article V. The Government of Cuba will execute, and, as far as necessary, extend the plans already devised, or other plans to be mutually agreed upon, for the sanitation of the cities of the island, to the end that a recurrence of epidemic and infectious diseases may be prevented, thereby assuring protection to the people and commerce of Cuba, as well as to the commerce of the Southern ports of the United States and the people residing therein.... Article VII. To enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba, and to protect the people thereof, as well as for its own defense, the Government of Cuba will sell or lease to the United States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations, at certain specified points, to be agreed upon with the president of the United States. What Led to the Creation of the Platt Amendment? The Platt Amendment came about as a result of the Spanish-American War, which occurred in 1898. During the roughly four months that the war lasted, the United States had a large military presence in Cuba, which it was ready to use to protect the US against Spanish attacks and protect US economic interests in Cuba. The day before the US entered the Spanish-American War, the Teller Amendment was passed by Congress. President William McKinley gave a speech asking Congress to allow the US to use its naval and military forces to help Cuba achieve independence, and Congress agreed but also passed the Teller Amendment, which placed limits on the US’s involvement. The Teller Amendment stated that the US couldn’t annex Cuba. Instead, the US had to help Cuba achieve stable independence, then withdraw its troops from the island once that had been achieved. This assuaged Congressional fears that President McKinley was hoping to annex Cuba. However, three years after the Spanish-American War was over and Cuba was independent, the US still had troops in Cuba. The US didn’t want to put its military and economic interests at risk by having Cuba descend into chaos during self-rule or be conquered by another foreign country. They decided to maintain a strong role in Cuban affairs until they believed their interests would be safe. Because of the Teller Amendment (which basically said the US had to help Cuba achieve independence and then leave), the Platt Amendment was drafted as a way to ensure the US could maintain a degree of control over Cuba until they were certain the country was stable and their interests would be protected. Key Dates for the Platt Amendment Below are all the key dates you need to know for events that happened before, during, and after the Platt Amendment was signed. February 24th, 1895- February 15th, 1898: The Cuban War of Independence is fought between Cuba and Spain. The final months escalate into the Spanish-American war. February 15th, 1898: The American battleship USS Maine, which was docked in Havana, explodes under mysterious circumstances, killing 258 people. The US blames Spain for the explosion which leads to the Spanish-American War. April 20th, 1898: The Teller Amendment is passed. April 21st - August 13th, 1898: The Spanish-American War is fought between Spain and the United States December 10th, 1898: The Treaty of Paris is signed. Spain agrees to grant independence to Cuba, and cedes the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico the United States. March 2nd, 1901: The Platt Amendment is passed. December 25th, 1901: Cuba amends its constitution to include the entire Platt Amendment May 22nd, 1903: Cuba and the US agree to the Cuban-American Treaty of Relations of 1903. Among other things, this treaty allows the US to intervene in Cuban affairs and lease land for naval bases on the island. September 1906 - February 1909: Second Occupation of Cuba. The Cuban-American Treaty of Relations of 1903 is used to justify US military forces occupying Cuba in order to protect American economic interests and establish a new Cuban government. May 29th, 1934: As part of FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy, the Cuban-American Treaty of Relations of 1934 is signed, repealing most of the Platt Amendment (everything except US right to a naval base in Cuba). 1940: The Platt Amendment is eliminated from the new Cuban constitution during the Cuban Constitutional Convention of 1940. What Are the Lasting Effects of the Platt Amendment? The Cuban government was very reluctant to add the Platt Amendment to their constitution, as they had just become independent and didn’t want to be controlled by another foreign power. Even though it was eventually ratified, it caused a lot of resentment among Cubans towards America. Many historians also believe that the Platt Amendment actually ended up causing more instability in Cuba, including contributing to the Cuban Revolution of the 1950s. The Platt Amendment remained in effect until 1934, when US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor Policy repealed the majority of the amendment in response to a surge in Cuban resentment. However, one stipulation of the Platt Amendment remained: the US was allowed to continue operating its naval base Guantanamo Bay. The Good Neighbor Policy stated that the US had the right to operate its naval base "until the two contracting parties agree to the modification or abrogation of the stipulations of the agreement in regard to the lease to the United States of America for coaling and naval stations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Because the US hasn’t agreed to any modifications, , Guantanamo Bay remains open to this day and has been a major factor in shaping modern Cuban-American relations. Summary: Platt Amendment APUSH The Platt Amendment was one of the most important events in Cuba-US relations. A simple Platt Amendment definition is that it an amendment passed in 1901 that provided guidelines that allowed the US to maintain influence in Cuba after Cuba achieved independence. What did the Platt Amendment do? It gave the US the right to have a naval base in Cuba, intervene in Cuban affairs, and control Cuba’s agreements with other countries, among other things. Although the Platt amendment was created to protect US interests in Cuba, it was widely resented in Cuba and was nearly completed repealed in 1934, although the US naval base Guantanamo Bay is still in operation in Cuba. What's Next? Writing a research paper for school but not sure what to write about?Our guide to research paper topics has over 100 topics in ten categories so you can be sure to find the perfect topic for you. Did you know that water has a very special density? Check out our guide to learn what the density of water is and how the density can change. Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius?We've got you covered! Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa).

Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Smoking - Essay Example Medical experts believe that there are three main reasons why teenagers smoke. The first reason is that, smoking makes the youth feel older. They often see their elders smoking and seem to look more mature so they want to be like them, mature, and all the connotations that come with being an adult. The second reason is the reason most adults would like to believe as they do not want to be the cause or influence for the youth's bad habits: peer pressure. Young adults smoke so that they would look "cool" or "in" along with their friends. They have this notion that smoking is "cool" because their idols on TV do it all the time and, of course, they all want to be "cool" as well. The third common reason is that they try to experiment. They either underestimate the addictive nature of nicotine or just want to try it because it is prohibited by their parents. But whether it's the explorative nature of the youth or their defiant nature, smoking presents to be a rather inexpensive opportunity . The reasons for continuing to smoke are slightly more varied. Smokers say that smoking keeps them up, physically and emotionally, as nicotine has similar effects to caffeine. Others say it boosts their self confidence at gatherings and that it helps them make new friends.

Pick one of the approaches of either realism, liberalism, Essay

Pick one of the approaches of either realism, liberalism, International Society or International Political Economy to show how c - Essay Example The veracity of Wendt’s positing will thus be analyzed in the ensuing discussion that is to materialize forthwith. For one, Wendt’s postulation can be seen to be true, given that it acknowledges the place of realism in international relations. Realism acknowledges the state as the most important actor in the field of diplomacy and international politics. Because of this, national governments are the most important players in international politics, in lieu of non-state actors such as international organizations (e.g., Amnesty International and the Red Cross) and eminent persons such as the Pope. Similarly, Wendt’s standpoint can also be vindicated by the credibility of constructivism in international relations. In international relations, constructivism advances the notion that important aspects of diplomacy and global politics are socially and historically contingent, rather than being inevitable consequences stemming from human nature and the dynamics of world politics. The truthfulness in Wendt’s postulation is predicated upon the fact that the state is a unitary and rational player in international relations. By being a unitary and rational player, it is meant that states speak with one voice. ... According to Jackson (2007), the standpoint immediately above validates Wendt’s postulation to the effect that the US and Soviet Union could unpredictably end the Cold War and their inimical relations because this is the very historical development that took shape. It is true that the US and the Soviet Union ended the Cold War, with the tearing down of the Berlin Wall on November 9th, 1989 and the Re-Unification of Germany on October 3rd, 1990 being done to this effect. Since then, relations between the US and members of the Soviet block have been active and relatively stable, though there have been instances of tension, as was seen in 2008 when Russia invaded Georgia, following Tbilisi’s attempts to re-exert authority and control over its breakaway regions, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The immediately foregoing illustrates that states are the chief actors in international relations and that they are unitary and rational in their actions. The US, having its domestic acto rs such as the Congress (just as the Soviet Union) and local political games, is a matter that does not hinder it from identifying its chief national interest (Jervis & Art, 1985). The Soviet Union and the United States, having the prerogatives to end the Cold War if they had wished to, is a matter that is underscored by them being the very participants who stoked the Cold War tension against each other. This is well illustrated by the Cuban Missile Crisis, which took place between 16th and 28th of October 1962, as the most serious Cold War standoff between America and the Soviet Union. Having discovered the Soviet Union’s intention to position nuclear missiles in the Socialist Cuba, the US dispatched naval blockade to stop Soviet Union ships from varying missiles to Cuba. On

The influence of leadership styles

The influence of leadership styles 1.1 Background of the Study The study is on the influence of leadership styles, mediated by corporate culture that leads to employee reactions based on their perceptions. The study of leadership is not a recent phenomenon. Various literatures pertaining to styles in leadership indicated that it could be perceived as effective when those styles were able to adjust accordingly depending on the situation as being confronted by the individual leader (Bruno and Lay, 2008). According to Byrme and Bradley (2007) and Koene, Vogelaar and Soeters (2002), prior studies have underscored that effective styles in leadership has been a set of process in promoting competitive advantage and as an important element to the followers (Cassiday, 2005), a recognition through the importance of effectiveness in communication as a mixture of various factors (Church, Katigbak, Reyes, Salanga, Miramontes and Adam, 2008), rather than a single variable in defining a perplexing concept (Ligon, Hunter and Mumford, 2008; Mello, 1999). Leadership is an ongoing process of interaction between organisational leaders and their subordinates whereby a leader often attempts to influence the behaviour of their subordinates to obtain goals as set by the organisation (Yukl, 2005). Earlier, leadership was identified as the basic preference of being influential (Krause, 2004). Thus, leadership is a systematic series of action by which an individual influences the ideas, feelings, and actions of others. Leaders have to provide guidance, to facilitate in foreseeing upcoming event; to facilitate in recalling achievements; to motivate and to inspire their people. The acts of leadership drive us toward the same direction and equipped our efforts in common. Leadership is the capacity to take hold of other to perform significant task that they may decline. It is the process of supporting others toward goal-attainment. On the flip side of the coin, with the absence of leadership, a group of individuals shall engage into contention and disagreement due to matters are seen differently and to incline in different process of solving problems. This means that the level of importance for individual or organisational leaders to positively transform the societies and the business world is crucial. For example, according to Kouzes and Posner (2002) prior studies found U.S. businesses made claimed that leadership has not been realised to be a necessity tool until today. In order to face the era of ever demanding and evolving business condition, organisations need to be led by leaders who are capable enough to manage the unpredictable conditions. Therefore, the aspect of leadership is often demanded leaders to engage to walk the talk, to reduce the gap between adopted values and their actual behaviours. This is where leadership oblige an individual to inquire favourable options in enabling others to engage in an unpleasant frustration in reality (Heifetz and Linsky, 2004). Leaders will not be able to address issues as dictated by the modern business world except under the circumstances that they are capable to aid in such abilities allowing them to lead effectively in a complex and unpredictable business climate as most organisational leaders lead through their personal values and beliefs. Leaders must also realise that leadership is a responsibility and not to be treated as personal gratification in organisations top hierarchy. As Naisbitt and Aburdene (1990 in Winston and Patterson, 2006) stated that leaders are in position to demonstrate strong commitment and always highly motivated by becoming role models who owns valuable traits such as consistency, open-mindedness, and high disciplined. Through these traits it would generate more strength and confidence that shall inspire their subordinates. Meanwhile, House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman and Gupta (2004) stressed that an instance of seeking the righteous definition term for effective leadership has been extended over a considerable time as indication of significance worth topic of debate. Effective leadership are now crucial to inspire others to work effectively toward various goals as set by organisation and to enhance job performance and organisational success. Thus, to promote effective leadership, it is essentially important for organisational leaders to have influence over their superiors, peers and subordinates to guide and to sustain their proposals, ideas and induce them in performing their own decisions (Blickle, 2003; Drouillard and Kleiner, 1999). It has been a necessity in understanding the relationship between leadership and leader effectiveness in order to identify ways to increase employee motivation level pertaining to achievement in organisational performance (Silverthorne, 2000). As Moorhead and Griffin (1995 in Barbuto Jr., 2000) stated performance behaviour reflects as a set of work-related behaviour that an individual should demonstrate in organisation. However, when this topic discussed across different cultural condition it tends to set forth limitations in the level of knowledge and the insight (Drost and Von Glinow, 1998 in Pellegrini and Scandura, 2008). Leadership exists in various societies and is essential to the functioning of organisations within societies. The attributes that are seen as characteristics for leaders may vary across cultures (Den Hartog, House and Hanges, 1999). Several different cultures most often exist within an organisation, but there is also a predominant corporate culture, expressing central values that are shared by the majority (Abrahamsson and Andersen, 1996). According to Hofstede (1994) corporate culture is a phenomenon that differs from national culture, perhaps most evidently because employees are free to leave the corporation. The organisation is described as a social system, in which the employees are involved only during working hours. The corporate culture may however also influence the leisure time of employees. Schein (1992) analysed culture regarding its degree of visibility and describes three different levels. Basic underlying assumptions constitute the least visible level, which includes unconscious perceptions, thoughts, feelings and beliefs. Espoused values include strategies, goals and philosophies and artefacts all visible organisational structures and procedures. For instance, a survey by Fortune of most admired companies has highlighted CEO respondents belief that organisation culture was their most important tool in order to enhance their key capabilities. Given that the importance of organisational culture and its effects on employees job performance and satisfaction and organisational commitment outcomes and it is considered as one of the sensational business topics in both academic field of research and popular articles. Judge, Bono, Ilies and Gerhardt (2002) found that based upon the previous studies on the great man theory, the organisational conditions act as a main determinant of leadership; and that leaders act differently in various situation (Yukl, 2002). Therefore, Bass (1985 in Kavanagh and Ashkanasy, 2006) recommended that leaders must actively promote positive transformation in their organisation by directing clear objective; also through strong persuasive personal characteristics and actions in transforming internal forms of organisational culture and substance ([Bass and Avolio, 1994 in Gardner, Avolio, Luthans, May and Wolumbwa (2005); Hatch, 1993 in Awbrey (2005); Porras and Robertson, 1992 in Caldwell (2003]). Schein (1992 in Twati and Gammack, 2006) acknowledged that leaders in organisations serve as a key influential of organisational culture; and since organisational condition and culture reflect on collective social development over which leaders have total control and influence (Mumford, Scott, Gaddis and Strange, 2002). Organisational culture is known to have a significant effect on how employees view their organisational responsibilities and their commitment. Hence, in the same vein, styles in leadership and organisation cultural categories, together with its effects on employees reaction such as job performance, job satisfaction, job commitment and trust in management are part of the significant elements in determining the effectiveness, competitiveness and success of organisations in facing todays challenges. Of course, organisational effectiveness, competitiveness and success shall definitely have its usefulness implications upon managers and employees and ultimately enhancing better performance of both components in any organisational set ups. In this condition, leaders need to determine the best set of actions that are achievable within the ability of their organisations. 1.2 Problem Statement As one of a developing country in South East Asia, Malaysia sees leadership effectiveness is highly significant in Government-linked-companies (GLC) to shift toward exceptionally outstanding level of performance. The Government-linked-companies (GLC) transformation programme for instance, was initiated and treated as part of current strategy of Malaysian government to enhance development and stimulate the economy growth as producers, service providers, employers and capital market constituents in the near future. Respectively, Government-linked companies (GLC) serves as an important asset in the economic structure of the nation since it is worth for approximately RM 260 billion in market capitalisation of 36% and 54% of the market capitalisation in Bursa Malaysia and as a benchmark in Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (www.treasury.gov.my). It also contributes in 5% of the national workforce and it remains as the main service providers to the nation in key strategic utilities and services including electricity, telecommunications, postal services, airlines, airports, public transport, water and sewerage, banking and financial services. Therefore, of the major concern for Malaysian organisation especially in the Government-linked companies (GLC) is to stimulate better job satisfaction, organisational commitment and trust in management among its employees. This urgency was due to the management in GLC was labelled as underperformed in terms of its operations and financial indicators since 1990. Thylefors (1991) argues that leadership style or attitudes emanate from leaders personality, in a wider definition. Techniques are important but are inferior to the leaders attitudes. The underlying values and motives of the leaders are the factors that determine whether a leader is successful and appreciated by their subordinates or not. Therefore, there can be effective and appreciated leaders exhibiting different leadership styles. In this particular concern, Eid, Johnsen, Bartone and Nissestad (2008) debated that even though the leadership styles such as transformational and transactional leadership has been researched for the last 15 years, theres still a small amount of studies pertaining to how these styles of leadership been investigated in different culture and work setting. Thus, the problem statement of this research is represented by a main question such as follows: How can the perceptions in leadership styles differences, through the corporate culture help to improve on organisational outcomes and reactions? Despite various attempts of research on leadership traits, characteristics, styles, contingency factors and perception of leader performance and effectiveness, organisational leaders were also summoned to actively interact with and influence others in leading their organisations. It has been realised that less discussion in applying these concepts on Government-linked-companies (GLC) in the context of Malaysia. The general perception by the general public is that private organisations perform better compared to the government owned organisations (Cochran, Mayer, Carr and Cayer, 2003). This applies to current situation in Malaysia as (Azman, 2004; PCG, 2006a) stressed that most observers commented Government-linked companies (GLC) are multi-national status but sustain damages due to arising problems related to internal control, lack of strategic direction which results in destitute on their value in capital and shareholder, low number in production, elevated toward gearing ratio, inefficient in procurement process, and ineffective systems of performance management. This application concept in Government-linked companies (GLC) has also come into another highlight with the selection of its senior managers. The Malaysian government as the main shareholder in the GLC have taken great pains to nominate candidates on the basis of the best candidate fits for the job (Abdullah, 2004; Yakcop, 2004). This is due to situational pressure was put into various levels of GLC in Malaysia to reform its managerial exercises and to change the organisation in order to meet the new realities in accordance to GLC Transformation Programme introduced in 2004. Therefore, these challenges suits well for charismatic or transformational leadership with hope to perform excellently in the organisation. Based on how leaders are valued, appreciated and respected in the working environment, subordinates or employees at various levels create an impression on their leaders (Altman, 2002; Roberts, 2001). Organisational research on leadership indicated that there was no one perfect style of leadership based on the different types of organisational conditions (Kouzes and Posner, 1997). More importantly, leadership style as being practiced in public sectors is considered as transactional exchange since political support and encouragement was much favoured; for example, typical Government-linked-companies (GLC) are run by government nominated individuals. These nominated candidates will be held responsible in the organisations daily operations. As such, important decisions in the economic sector of the government are left to appointed individuals. The appointed individual for the top management position in the Government-linked-companies (GLC) may have been exposed to various management styles; however, the primary responsibilities and decision making processes were placed on these individuals, who may or may not have various exposures to management styles and theories. As Yakcop (2004 in www.treasury.gov.my ) says, The point to be made is that there are no artificial barriers with respect to age or gender, whether from internal or external sources, and whether from financial or non-financial background. Javidan and Waldman (2003) contend that there have been little references pertaining to charismatic leadership in the public sector based on literature review although this subject of study has been around for ten years. Many charismatic leaders are skilled in formulating strategy that would improve on the current situation. While there has been less discussion on leadership in the public sector, fewer studies indicate whether or not leaders who practiced transformational leadership could expect improvement in their subordinates (Burke, Stagl, Klein, Goodwin, Salas and Halpin, 2006; Prati, Douglas, Ferris, Ammeter and Buckley, 2003; Wofford, Whitington and Goodwin, 2001). According to Parry and Proctor-Thompson (2003) a study of leadership in a federal government had revealed that the transformational leadership approach would result in a higher level of productivity and improved employee satisfaction and job performance. Transformational supervision was defined by Bass (1985) in terms of leaders motivational effect on followers. They feel loyalty, trust, admiration and respect toward the transformational leader. The followers are motivated to serve and achieve more than they were originally expected to. They are inspired to achieve higher-order needs and are made more aware of the organisations needs for their unique skills and talents. Further, leaders who truly show charismatic leadership and exercise the transformational approach are those who view their array of vision as certain and have high confidence in their abilities and skills. According to Conger, Kanungo and Menon (2000), the higher the level of self-confidence showed by a leader, the higher their followers will reduce on uncertainties. A charismatic and transformational leader has extended a great amount of effort in their current attempt to achieve their future goals. This study is worthy of consideration because it applies a validated means of measurement, specifically the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), the most accepted instrument to evaluate transformational theory (Kirkbride, 2006) and considered the best validated measurement for both transformational and transactional leadership (Ozaralli, 2003).Therefore, this study shifts the traditional paradigm in leadership studies of business organisations where it explores the leadership in the Government-linked-companies (GLC) settings, its organisational culture dimensions and employees reaction or response. Van De Berg and Wilderom (2004) concurred that styles in leadership and organisational culture are both closely related. Most of the published literatures in organisational culture prove indistinctiveness between these two components. As Van De Berg and Wilderom (2004, p.578) highlighted there are two important distinction between the two components as mentioned (1) leadership denotes behaviour displayed by one or only few individuals, while culture is a collective behavioural phenomenon, and (2) leadership involves a potentially one-sided dependency relationship. The current issue that to be addressed in this study is despite several desirable outcomes by adapting the transformational leadership concept; there is some lack of research in adopting leadership styles in the Government-linked companies (GLC). The outcomes of the transformational leadership approach are such as the employees reactions or responses on their level of performance, organisational commitment and job satisfaction have not been realised in transactional leadership condition. In order to obtain significant data, the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ, 5x) developed by Bass and Avolio (1997) was applied to measure how those factors of leadership styles are linked to the perceived organisational culture in the Government-linked-companies (GLC), particularly in the Malaysian perspective. The problem as presented is to seek and to differentiate the results derived from transactional, transformational and laissez-faire situation and to see whether transformational situation is highly correlated to six variables of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ, 5x) developed by Bass and Avolio (1997) namely; (1) charisma or inspirational, (2) intellectual stimulation, (3) individual consideration, (4) contingent rewards, (5) active management by exception and (6) passive avoidant was used to measure how those factors of transformational change are related to organisational culture in Government-linked-companies (GLC) in Malaysia. Based on Bass and Avolios (1994; 2004) definitions, the specific variables are such as follows: Charisma/inspirational motivation (IM) The way that organisational leaders behave that energises and inspires others by providing meaning and challenge toward their task. Intellectual stimulation (IS) The way organisational leaders behave that promotes subordinates efforts in becoming creative and innovative through analysing assumptions, reframing problems, and remodelling old systems into new systems. Individualised consideration (IC) The way organisational leaders focus on understanding the needs of each individual and how leaders act as a coach and mentor to individuals to further achieve and grow. Contingent reward (CR) This style of leadership consists of communication levels between organisational leaders and their subordinates that stresses on exchange, where the leaders provide appropriate rewards when subordinates achieved the target goals. Active management- by- exception (AMBE) Leaders focus on monitoring task execution for any errors that might arise and correct those problems so as to maintain a standard of high performance. Passive avoidant (PA) Leaders tends to react passively only after problems, mistakes and errors have become serious and later take corrective action and may avoid making any decisions at all. These six variables were considered and compared to the results of employees reactions and outcomes such as their overall job performance, job satisfaction, organisational commitment and trust in management. In addition, other variable such as organizational culture was also examined to study the relationship and correlation of the leadership styles. 1.3 Research Questions According to Zikmund (2000), research question is a set of specific query which addressed by the researcher who sets the parameters of the study and suggests appropriate methods to be used for data gathering and analysis purposes. In general, researchers were urged to develop questions that may assist to search for answers and provide any possible solutions to the research problem being studied. Therefore, in this study, attempts to answer those questionnaires are actually to solve the research problem which has been identified. Specifically, the research questions were developed for this study examines the relationship of individual leadership styles and organisations cultural traits as perceived by their subordinates by examining the differentiation in leaders leadership styles. Based on the research objectives, the following questions were developed as follows: Does the elements of transformational style in leadership is significantly positive with the cultural traits in Government-linked companies perceived by their employees? Does the elements of transactional style in leadership is significantly positive with the cultural traits in Government-linked companies perceived by their employees? Does the listed elements of laissez-faire style in leadership is significantly positive toward organisational culture in GLCs? Does the listed elements of laissez-faire style in leadership is significantly positive with the cultural traits in Government-linked companies perceived by their employees? Do the cultural traits positively mediate the relationship between the leadership styles with employees job satisfaction, organisational commitment and trust in management? Do the cultural traits positively determine on the employees level of job satisfaction, organisational commitment and trust in their management? Do the styles in leadership practised by organisational leaders positively influence on the organisational members job satisfaction, organisational commitment and trust in their management? 1.3.1 Definition of Operational Terms In this section, the terms utilised in this study was stated and the numbering of those terms measured in Multifactor Leadership Questionnaires (MLQ) questions are indicated as follows: Contingent Rewards was defined as an incentives or gifts to organisational members who have attained excellent level of performance (Bass and Avolio, 1995 in Bass, Avolio, Jung and Berson, 2003). It was measured in Q1, Q11, Q16 and Q35 in Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). Dependent Variables in this study list the leaders individual skills, experiences, attitudes and level of adaptability that were defined and measured in the job performance questionnaires. Subordinates refers to followers who are directly involved in the process of task completion and socio-emotional acceptance of leadership (Bass and Avolio, 1994 in McColl-Kennedy and Anderson, 2002). Idealised Influence refers to the attribution and behaviour that result in the subordinates level of admiration, respect and trust, which discounts their resistance to change and develops a sense of charismatic leadership (Bass and Avolio, 1995 in Piccolo and Colquitt, 2006). This element was included in transformational measurement and was part of the independent variable in attribution Q10, Q18, Q21 and Q25 and behaviour Q6, Q14, Q23 and Q34 in the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). Individualised Consideration refers to a behaviour that promotes personal attention to organisational members needs and trusts in order to assist them in the learning process (Bass and Avolio, 1995 in Piccolo and Colquitt, 2006). It is measured as an independent variable (transformational) in Q15, Q19, Q29 and Q31 in the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). Inspirational Motivation is a kind of behaviour that displays meaning and challenges to subordinates task and inspiration, arouses and excites the organisational leader to promote vision (Bass and Avolio, 1995 in Piccolo and Colquitt, 2006) and it is measured in Q9, Q13, Q26 and Q36 in the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). Intellectual stimulation is a type of behaviour that encourages new styles of approaches to perform organisational tasks and to generate a direction of potential ideas that challenge subordinates and encourage them to look into new ways of idea generation (Bass and Avolio, 1995 in Piccolo and Colquitt, 2006). It was measured as transformational in the independent variables in Q2, Q8, Q30 and Q32 in the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). Job satisfaction is referred to as an individuals behaviour or behaviour in their current job (Moorhead and Griffin, 1995 in Kassabgy, Boraie and Schmidt, 2001). Therefore, it is the situation where subordinates believe in their level of happiness among one another (Bass and Avolio, 1995 in Piccolo and Colquitt, 2006). Laissez-Faire promotes the condition of leadership avoidance or absence (Bass and Avolio, 1995 in Piccolo and Colquitt, 2006) and measured in independent variables in Q5, Q7, Q28 and Q33 in the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). Leaders are those who are nominated as head of a group, team or even an organisation. They are the people who have charisma in their leadership and have the capability in making decisions and inspire others to derive achievement through a common goal (OLeary, 2000). Leadership is defined as an individual ability to influence others (Stahl, 1995 in Irechukwu, 2010); to shape and embed values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours consistent with employee commitment in the process of accomplishing specific goals. A style of Leadership is an individual character that includes transactional, transformational and laissez-faire. Management is defined as the development and continuous improvement on an organisations system and when applied by any organisational employees could lead towards an increased value in products and services for stakeholders (Stahl, 1995 in Irechukwu, 2010). Management by exception (active and passive) according to Bass and Avolio (1995 in Barling, Slater and Kelloway, 2000; Bass, Avolio, Jung and Berson, 2003) is an action or steps employed by organisational leaders when things are not according to plan. This term is treated as transactional independent variable and is measured through Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) active: Q4, Q22, Q24 and Q27, and passive: Q3, Q12, Q17 and Q20. Organisational Outcomes in this study is referred to the employees responses in the Government-linked-companies (GLC) through survey questionnaire and all of those measures were all based on their perceptions. Perception is defined as a set of processes where an individual receives and translates data pertaining to their observation and condition (den Brok, Bergen, Stahl and Brekelmans, 2004). Performance Behaviour is the overall ratings on task-related behaviours that would result through the actions or effort displayed by organisational members (Moorhead and Griffin, 1989 in Garg and Rastogi, 2006). Transactional Leadership is a type of leadership that acknowledges subordinates needs and identifies how those needs can be fulfilled in exchange for the subordinates satisfactory effort and performance. It is composed of contingency reward and management-by-exception either active or passive (Bass, Avolio and Jung, 1995 in Judge and Piccolo, 2004). Transformational Leadership is another type of leadership which comprises of set abilities that permits a leader to identify the need for organisational change; and to promote a clear vision as guidance towards change through effective process (Moorhead and Griffin, 1995 in Kassabgy, Boraie and Schmidt, 2001). Organisational Culture is referred to the shared set of beliefs, expectations, values, norms, and work routines that influence the ways in which individuals, groups, and teams interact with one another and cooperate to achieve organisational goals (Jones and George, 2009; Daft, 2005). 1.4 Research Objectives Intensive studies have been conducted on leadership particularly on its traits, individual characterisation, its styles and contingency factors (Lord and Smith, 1999). Throughout the years, most of these leadership studies and organisational culture were researched in Western developed countries (e.g. Lok and Crawford, 2003; Ogbonna and Harris, 2000; Kuchinke, 1999; Yousef, 1998). For instance, the pioneering work of Deal and Kennedy (1982) incited the interest of researchers and consultants to the concept of corporate culture, and how these values and philosophy guide the employees behaviour in the organisation towards greater success. Leaders affect their subordinates both directly through their interactions and also through the organisations culture (Li, 2004). As Amabile (1998 in McLean, 2005) suggested that by influencing on the work condition and organisational culture, leaders are able to impact on the organisational members behaviour as related to task and motivation. Here, the challenge is to employ a set of actions that are practical within the capacity of the organisation to acquire change and manage organisations resources. Leadership has been a significant topic in organisational studies because leaders are exemplar figures in enhancing their group performances (Mehra, Dixon, Brass and Robertson, 2006). Studies have found that several theories resulting from the early leadership traits, behaviours and situational approaches proceed on the explanation of leaders attribution, charisma and transformational perspectives between leadership and group performance relations. Hence, leaders are required to react more flexibly and manage effectively into this ambiguity and change (Blass and Ferris, 2007; Dickson, Resick and Hanges, 2006; Dickson, Hartog and Mitchelson, 2003). According to Bass (1990) more than 7500 research studies on leadership was performed since early of the last century. Leadership styles were largely studied and the findings were documented accordingly in leadership literature focussing on individual leaders characteristics in leading others in performing their tasks (Moore and Rudd, 2006). Leaders have an opportunity to obtain organisational power and it depends on their motives and available resources to influence their subordinates. Further, Elloy, Everett and Flynn (1987 in Mester, Visser, Roodt and Kellerman, 2003) affirmed that organisational leaders behaviour are closely associated to their level of performance and leadership styles as determinants tool of their effectiveness in an organisation. In relation to this, styles of leadership are seen as the main component to sustain organisational effectiveness toward business performance (Howell and Avolio, 1993 in Hallinger, 2003). Thus, if stakeholders start to direct more attention on

Meiosis Modeling Activity Essay

Background Information Meiosis is the process by which eukaryotic organisms produce egg and sperm having half the genetic information (haploid) of the other cells in the organism’s body (diploid). You will notice some similarities to mitosis but some definite differences in meiosis that result in genetic diversity in the gametes as well as the offspring formed by the eventual fusion of the egg and sperm. Two of the most noted differences in meiosis are that 1) there are two complete divisions resulting in four daughter cells and, 2) meiosis has crossing over, an even that occurs in Prophase I that increases genetic variation in the gametes. Crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes. These are the pairs of chromosomes in an organisms body that carry genes for the same trait located at identical positions on the two chromosomes. Even though they carry the same gene they may, however, possess different alleles for the gene which result in different forms of the trait. Pre-Lab: 1. Draw a tetrad in the space below and label the following: centromeres, sister chromatids, homologous chromosomes. 2. What are the two elements of meiosis that add variation to our population? (Hint: one occurs in prophase I and the other in metaphase I). 3. Which of the chromosomes #2-5 could be homologous with chromosome #1? Explain your answer. I think number 5 because it is the exact same as 1. Lab: 1. First view the recording on my message board under â€Å"Supplemental Learning Materials† for this lab. You will need the â€Å"code words† from the recording for one of your conclusion questions. Link to recording: http://www.connectionslivelesson.com/p2fwrdno8yk/ 2. After you have viewed the recording, gather your required materials. You will need 4 forks, 4 knives, 4 spoons, 6 rubber bands, and some twine or string to use as cell membrane. If you can have two different types of flatware that would be best (for example: 2 forks, 2 knives, and 2 spoons that are different than the other set of 2 forks, 2 knives, and 2 spoons). 3. Your model cell consists of 6 chromosomes (3 homologous pairs). Use the string to form the cell membrane for your cell(s). Begin with two forks, two knives, and two spoons (one of each from each set) inside your string cell membrane as shown in the recording. Proceed through each of the steps of meiosis using your flatware â€Å"chromosomes.† Use the textbook pages 324-325 for help. Phase Modeling Interphase Replicate the DNA of your chromosomes by adding a second fork, knife, or spoon to each existing fork, knife, and spoon. Hold each pair of â€Å"chromatids† together with a rubber band (centromere). Prophase I Create tetrads (XX) by pairing homologous chromosomes (set them next to each other). Model crossing over as best you can given the model we are using. Metaphase I Line up your tetrads along the metaphase plate. Model independent assortment. Anaphase I Move the homologous chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell. Telophase I You should have three chromosomes, knife, fork, and spoon, (each composed of two chromatids) in each of your two nuclei. Cytokinesis I Divide your cell membrane so that you have two daughter cells (two string circles for cells). Prophase II Check to make sure that each of your two cells contains three chromosomes made up of sister chromatids. Metaphase II Line your chromosomes up along the middle of each of your cells. Anaphase II Separate your sister chromatids (remove rubber band holding them together). Move one sister chromatid from each chromosome to opposite sides of your cell. Telophase II You should now have four nuclei, with three single chromosomes in each of the  cells. Cytokinesis II Divide your cell membranes so that you have four daughter cells (use more string). Data: Take 3 photos or create 3 drawings of your model as it looked in 3 different stages of meiosis as described in the table above. Indicate which stage of meiosis is shown in each photo/drawing. Include the photos or a scan of the sketches when you upload your lab to the drop box. Conclusion (6 points) 1. List the two code words that were given in the lab recording found on my message board. Chromosomes and fertilization 2. Does mitosis more closely resemble meiosis I or meiosis II? Explain your answer. More like Meiosis I because it only made two cells. 3. What is crossing over? When does it occur during meiosis? Why did you have difficulty modeling this element of meiosis using your â€Å"chromosomes?† Crossing over is the process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis. It occurs during prophase I. I had a hard time because you can’t really change the chromosomes so it was difficult to show. 4. Think about your modeling. Visually, what is the major difference between the separation of chromosomes between anaphase I and anaphase II There were four to separate then just two. 5. What is independent assortment? When does it occur during meiosis? How did you model this element of meiosis? 6. Which part of meiosis, meiosis I or meiosis II, is responsible for reducing the chromosome number by half in the cell? MEIOSIS II